Résumé:
The present work is a bibliographical synthesis on the olive tree (Olea europaea) which begins three parts: chorology, ecology and photochemistry. The Mediterranean basin has been the favorite region of the olive tree for thousands of years. In Algeria, there are 36 local varieties classified according to morphological characters. The diffusion period of olives in these countries varies according to the regions and local climatic conditions. The olive tree requires a Mediterranean climate with hot and dry summers, and a long autumn period, with rainy winters and a short spring. This species is able to withstand harsh climatic conditions (high temperature, drought, salinity, etc.). The olive tree contains in its leaves and fruits high levels of secondary metabolites such as polyphenols and flavonoids. The distribution of secondary metabolites may change during plant development.
